Life at the Tudor court

Who was at Henry's Tudor court?

The King’s household was the political and cultural centre of the nation, and despite the risks, everyone wanted to be there. At court, patronage and favour was given to those who pleased the monarch, and taken away from those who did not.

Among the few who succeeded at gaining Henry VIII's favour and then paid the price were his chief minister Thomas Cromwell, his second queen Anne Boleyn and his third, Catherine Howard.

Henry VIII's royal filtering system at Hampton Court

Henry VIII had over 60 homes, but Hampton Court Palace was his favourite. Once he had taken it from Cardinal Wolsey, the King transformed it further to demonstrate his power and magnificence.

Before the days of regular parliament and constitutional monarchy, the national administration and treasury were functions of court and the royal household.

Henry VIII also knew that the palace design had to work practically to feed, accommodate and entertain his vast court of aristocrats and their servants.

Puzzle palace

Henry’s palaces were designed to restrict access to the King and to channel people to the spaces appropriate to their rank. A courtier’s clothes played a vital role in the guards’ decision: the smarter you looked the closer you got to the King!

The long chains of rooms in the palace, each with a guard on the door, were designed to prevent all but the most important gaining access to the monarch’s private spaces.

Henry’s daughter Elizabeth I, the other great Tudor monarch, continued the magnificence and ceremony of court life. Like her father, she used the complex filtering system to shield her from the mass of courtiers.

Hampton Court is still the biggest and best-surviving example of this royal filtering system. Part of this layout still survives today, including the Great Hall and the Great Watching Chamber.

The filtering system in action

As many as a thousand courtiers and their servants would cram into Hampton Court; the courtyards were full of milling crowds intent on business and pleasure (and furthering their own careers).

Courtiers entering the Great Gatehouse to join Henry’s court would enter the first courtyard, Base Court. This was an 'arrivals' area, with guest lodgings on three sides.  

Then, the long chain of rooms in the palace acted like a filter. generally speaking. The more important you were, the more doors were opened for you. 

The guards at each successive doorway prevented the 'unworthy' from penetrating the monarch’s private rooms. However, if you dressed the part, you were more likely to be allowed into the next level. So it made sense to dress as expensively as possible.

A visitor of high rank would expect to pass through the Great Hall into the more exclusive rooms beyond. The sequence of rooms included a Guard Chamber, a Privy or Audience Chamber where the king or queen sat beneath a Canopy of Estate to receive visitors.

The inner sanctum

The monarch’s most private and heavily guarded rooms lay beyond the grandeur of the public spaces. This inner sanctum included an eating room, an inner Privy Chamber, a Withdrawing Room and finally a bedchamber.

Favoured courtiers would be invited to the Withdrawing room. Only they were allowed to see the monarch in a less formal setting, perhaps to play games, listen to music or enjoy conversation.

Henry VIII was serious about music at court; by 1547 he had over 60 musicians on his payroll. These included John Blanke, who is on record as negotiating a pay rise with the Tudor King.

Behind closed doors: the monarch's private rooms

In contrast to the milling crowds of courtiers and servants that thronged the outer courtyards and Great Hall, the king or queen would be at the heart of the palace, hidden from all but the highest-status courtiers and important servants.

Like a spider, he sat at the centre of a giant web. To enter his private apartments was like entering another world.

As a mid- to low-ranking courtier, you might never actually see the King. Or you might catch a glimpse as he moved through his state apartments to a service in the Chapel Royal or an important meeting in the Council Chamber guarded by his closest advisors.

The men surrounding Henry VIII

During the reign of Henry VIII, those appointed to high positions in the royal household, and those closest to the King, were male. Political power was concentrated among the men who attended to the King’s needs.

These men spent time with Henry in the magnificence of the inner Privy Chamber, and enjoyed intimate access to the King. They washed and dressed him, even attending to him on the close-stool (lavatory). These male courtiers were some of the most important men in the land. 

Women at court

Depending on their social status, female courtiers worked in the queen's household. They might serve as ladies-in-waiting, or women of the bedchamber. Sometimes these women came to the attention of the court when their intimate knowledge of the queen became more useful. Such was the case of Catalina of Motril, a servant in the bedchamber of Katherine of Aragon.

As part of court 'business', fathers from the most powerful families in the land sought positions for their unmarried daughters. It was an ideal place for them to meet a wealthy husband and make alliances between families, and while the rewards were high, so were the risks.

Fatal attraction: Henry VIII's queens

The young women at Henry's court were sometimes formally educated, but their social skills put them most in demand at court entertainments such as dances and masques. Here, they might catch the eye of the King, bringing wealth and power to their families. 

Anne Boleyn was a lady-in-waiting to the Katherine of Aragon when she first caught Henry VIII's eye in 1526. She was executed for treason in 1536.

Catherine Howard, Henry’s fifth queen, met the King when she was a teenage maid of honour to his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves. Catherine was beheaded for adultery in 1542, along with her close confidante, Jane Boleyn, Lady Rochford.

Controlling the court

To manage so many people at court required huge organisation. Two departments controlled most of the functions at the palace.

The Lord Chamberlain’s department managed the state rooms, where important people gathered and business was conducted.

The Lord Steward’s department looked after the 'below stairs' areas of the palace such as Henry's Kitchens.

The 'Eltham Ordinances'

A strict set of rules, the 'Eltham Ordinances', (a series of regulations drawn up for the royal household in 1526) governed behaviour and conduct at court.

In addition, guidelines known as ‘Bouche of Court’ outlined what a courtier could expect to receive when attending the King. Each courtier was entitled to free food and lodgings of varying degrees of luxury, as an expression of the monarch’s wealth and magnificence. A ration of candles, wine and beer was also provided for free.

Tudor toilets

Courtiers were allocated lodgings according to status and these varied in quality and size. 

Thirty of the most pleasant guest suites for important visitors were in Base Court. They were an innovative piece of construction, with 'en suite' toilets and chimneys hidden neatly within the footprint of the buildings, rather than being stuck on at the back.

Of course, if you weren’t important, your lodgings at court were not as posh. And if you were a servant, you had to sleep where you could, in and around the vast complex of kitchens on the north side of the palace.

Henry VIII did build a toilet block though, for lower ranks of courtiers. Known as the Great House of Easement, it once stood by the river, in the building to the right of the Main Gatehouse. It could sit up to 14 people at a time! Lower-ranking courtiers used the common ‘jakes’ (communal loo) or a ‘piss pot’ in their apartments.

The King had the most luxurious toilet of all. His close stools were covered in sheepskin, black velvet and ribbons!

How did the Tudors keep themselves clean?

With hundreds of people crammed into the palace, personal cleanliness was of high importance.

Contrary to popular belief, Tudors washed their bodies, if not their outer garments frequently.

The King himself had his own bath, with hot and cold running water, and a luxurious tiled bathroom into which he sometimes took steam baths, the air perfumed with fragrant herbs.

Those of the highest ranks preferred to wash in rose-scented water, which may not have been as effective as the coarse soap, made mainly of tallow, used by lower classes.

Perfumed oils were popular at court; these were very useful to disguise any lingering body odours. They would be rubbed into hair, or into the fabric of clothes.

How did the Tudors wash their clothes?

A courtier’s richly decorated and expensive outer garments were not washed. Men and women wore a kind of linen smock, or undershirt next to their skins to absorb sweat and protect their finery.

The quality and quantity of these varied according to individual wealth (the King’s undershirt was of the finest linen, exquisitely embroidered).

Each courtier brought with them to court several changes of these linen smocks. These, along with all the bed linen, generated a huge amount of dirty laundry.

At Hampton Court, an army of women laboured daily in a laundry complex outside the main building, next to the river. Here they washed and mended linen, spreading the court’s sheets on the grass to dry. This was the only place that women were employed at the palace.

Dining at court

What did people eat at court in the Tudor period?

Tudor foods varied a lot, and what you ate depended largely on your social status.

Higher ranks ate freshly roasted meat and a wide choice of dishes. Each meal consisted of two courses, served in 'messes' to be shared between four diners. Food was generally the same each day, but included salted or cured meats with local vegetables, fresh fish and bread.

By contrast, the variety of food for the King and his family was staggering. The King, who dined alone, had his own French chef who prepared his food in a private kitchen.

Several hundred servants were entitled to eat at court, but not given a dining place in the Great Hall.

They may have taken their meals in their own meagre lodgings or in the kitchens where they worked, lived and slept. However, they had a more comfortable existence than the average Tudor labourer, and they were fed, clothed and lodged by the court.

How do you feed a Tudor court?

During one of the mass meal times the palace layout included different kitchens for various ranking of courtier. The top-ranking courtiers ate in the Great Watching Chamber. Next to that was the Great Hall – the ‘canteen’ for the mid-to-low ranking men.

Cooks and servers worked in Henry VIII's Kitchens, while specialised dishes were created in other smaller kitchens.

The court on the move

Royal 'progress' during the Tudor period

The royal family and the court moved around the country throughout the Tudor period - referred to as a royal 'progress'. They visit the monarchs' grand houses and palaces for a few months, sometimes even a few hours.   

When Henry VIII left Hampton Court he often used the river Thames to get up to London. He and his queen would travel in the royal barge, surrounded by smaller boats with their closest servants on board carrying clothes and personal possessions.

Courtiers would be expected to pack up and follow the royals on horseback, accompanied by their own servants.

A constantly shifting court was necessary; to allow the palaces to be cleaned and human waste removed, and to let surrounding land and livestock to be replenished after supplying the voracious demands of the royal court.

This was a chance for the king or queen to impress their magnificence on their subjects; Henry's daughter Elizabeth I took long progress that often lasted months and became known for their extravagance. 

Entertainment at the Tudor court

Hampton Court was Henry VIII’s pleasure palace, which he turned into a fabulous centre of entertaining with feasting, jousting and hunting.

Jousting was the most prestigious sport in Tudor England. Henry had a huge tiltyard, the equivalent of a modern-day sports stadium, built at Hampton Court. As a young man, the King was fearless, and he and his closest courtiers would enjoy competing with each other, while the ladies of the court looked on.

As a young fit man, Henry was famously sports-mad. So were many of his highest ranking courtiers, among them his close friends. The King and his favourite courtiers would escape royal duties take off for a day’s hunting, or distract themselves with hawking, or by playing tennis.

Gambling was also popular; the King thought nothing of losing hundreds of pounds to his courtiers by betting on tennis matches and dice.

Music and musicians constantly filled Tudor palaces, particularly at the pleasure palace of Hampton Court.

Dancing and masque were also key entertainments that the King and his court enjoyed. Henry himself was a talented composer and performer. The ability to play an instrument or sing was considered a very desirable attribute for a courtier.

The end of the spend

Life at Hampton Court changed with the arrival of the Stuarts. James I held a far more public court so his private life was visible to a great number of people, and his son Charles I spent hugely. 

By the time of the Restoration, the cost of feeding the whole of the royal court was prohibitive. Charles II abolished the privilege for all but the grandest. Courtiers then had to make their own arrangements.

Life at court changed slowly over the centuries, becoming increasingly elaborate and formal but always remaining magnificent. Finally, the royal court left for good, and new grace and favour inhabitants took their place.